Indicators of Human Trafficking

Course excerpt from Human Trafficking: Identification and Intervention

Potential Indicators of Human Trafficking

Victims and survivors of human trafficking rarely self-identify in the healthcare setting (Alpert et al. 2014) and may be unaware that they are a victim/survivor of human trafficking (Polaris, 2017). Therefore, it is critical for healthcare providers to be knowledgeable about potential indicators of human trafficking.

Victims/survivors of human trafficking rarely self-identify making it critical for healthcare providers to be alert to potential indicators:

Various indicators of human trafficking have been identified by different sources, including that the individual:

  • Is not free to leave or come and go as he/she wishes.
  • Is under 18 and is providing commercial sex acts.
  • Is in the commercial sex industry and has a pimp/manager.
  • Is unpaid, paid very little, or paid only through tips.
  • Works excessively long and/or unusual hours.
  • Is not allowed breaks or suffers under unusual restrictions at work.
  • Owes a large debt and is unable to pay it off.
  • Was recruited through false promises concerning the nature and conditions of his/her work.
  • High security measures exist in the work and/or living locations (e.g. opaque windows, boarded up windows, bars on windows, barbed wire, security cameras, etc.).
  • Is fearful, anxious, depressed, submissive, tense, or nervous/paranoid.
  • Exhibits unusually fearful or anxious behavior after bringing up law enforcement.
  • Avoids eye contact.
  • Appears malnourished.
  • Shows signs of physical and/or sexual abuse, physical restraint, confinement, or torture.
  • Has few or no personal possessions.
  • Is not in control of his/her own money, no financial records, or bank account.
  • Is not in control of his/her own identification documents (ID or passport).
  • Is not allowed or able to speak for themselves (a third party may insist on being present and/or translating).
  • Claims of just visiting and inability to clarify where he/she is staying/address.
  • Lack of knowledge of whereabouts and/or do not know what city he/she is in.
  • Loss of sense of time.
  • Has numerous inconsistencies in his/her “story.”

Additionally, these have been identified as indicators of human trafficking in the clinical setting, specifically:

  • Delayed presentation for medical care.
  • Discrepancy between the stated history and the clinical presentation or observed pattern of injury.
  • Scripted, memorized, or mechanically recited history.
  • Stated age older than visual appearance.
  • Subordinate, hyper-vigilant, or fearful demeanor.
  • Inability to produce identification documents.
  • Documents in the possession of an accompanying party.
  • Reluctance or inability to speak on one’s own behalf.
  • Accompanying individual who answers questions for the patient or otherwise controls the pace and content of the encounter.
  • Companion or accompanying individual who insists on providing translation.
  • Companion who refuses to leave.
  • Evidence of a lack of care for previously identified or obviously existing medical conditions.
  • Tattoos or other marks or insignias that may indicate a claim of “ownership” by another.
  • Evidence of any kind of physical violence including torture.

Red Flag Indicators

Specific red flag indicators of sex trafficking, or of labor trafficking with concomitant sexual exploitation/abuse are listed

Specific red flag indicators of sex trafficking, or of labor trafficking with concomitant sexual exploitation/abuse, include:

  • Recurrent sexually transmitted infections.
  • Multiple or frequent pregnancies.
  • Frequent or forced abortion.
  • Frequent relocation to avoid detection.
  • Labor trafficking should be suspected in patients of any age who present with injuries or ailments that could be due to lack of proper protective gear, excessively long work hours, heavy labor with restricted access to food/drink, or physical abuse, for example:
    • Occupational-type injuries without evidence of legitimate employment (e.g., overuse injuries, chemical exposures, exposure to extreme or adverse climate conditions, head injuries).
    • Physical ailments (e.g., dehydration, malnutrition, chronic fatigue), especially when accompanied by vague references to being related to a work situation.

Given that foreign-born nationals are more likely than U.S. citizens to be trafficked for the purpose of forced or bonded labor, the above indicators are especially relevant to patients for whom English is not the primary language.

Indicators of Exploitation of Children

Commercial sexual exploitation should be suspected if children or adolescents (or, in certain circumstances, young adults) present with any of the following features:

  • Presentation to the health care setting with non-guardian or unrelated adults.
  • Access to material possessions that one would reasonably doubt the patient could afford.
  • Over-familiarity with sexual terms and practices.
  • Seemingly excessive number of sexual “partners.”
  • History of school truancy or recurrent episodes of running away.
  • Reluctance to talk about a particular tattoo.
  • Fearful attachment to a cell phone (often used for monitoring or tracking) (Alpert et al., 2014, p. 18-19).

The following have been identified as potential additional indicators of the commercial sexual exploitation of children, specifically:

  • History of emotional, sexual, or other physical abuse.
  • Signs of current physical abuse and/or sexually transmitted diseases.
  • History of running away or current status as a runaway.
  • Inexplicable appearance of expensive gifts, clothing, or other costly items.
  • Presence of an older boyfriend/girlfriend.
  • Drug addiction.
  • Withdrawal or lack of interest in previous activities.
  • Gang involvement (The Polly Klaas Foundation, n.d.).

Further, indicators of familial trafficking are unique. Because the trafficking takes place within family networks, “the trafficker may begin grooming the victim at an early age, using their close proximity to take advantage of the child’s developmental stage and inability to verbally express concerns or safety issues” (U.S. Department of State, 2021, Navigating the Unique Complexities in Familial Trafficking, para. 3). In these cases, the traffickers take advantage of the child’s reliance on the family structure, for both attachment and to meet their basic needs (U. S. Department of State, 2021).

When Human Trafficking is Suspected

Upon recognizing one indicator (or more) of human trafficking during a healthcare encounter or when a client has disclosed being trafficked, a provider’s next responses are critical. “Do not try to rescue your patient if you are not yet linked to the protection system available for trafficked persons in your country or area, and do not have proper information on existing referral networks and available services” (International Organization for Migration, 2009, p. 81).

If a health care provider suspects their client/patient is being trafficked, it is important for them to speak with the client/patient privately, particularly since anyone accompanying them may also be involved in their trafficking. Private conversations also help to foster a safe space for clients/patients to share information about what they may be experiencing (Texas Health & Human Services: Texas Human Trafficking Resource Center, 2024).

Human trafficking, commonly discussed under the two broad categories of sex trafficking and labor trafficking, is a pervasive public health issue, globally and in the United States. Human Trafficking: Identification and Intervention is a 1-hour online continuing education (CE) course that will examine the various forms of human trafficking, including the commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking of domestic minors and children who are foreign nationals, the commercial sexual exploitation and trafficking of adults, and the labor trafficking of adults and minors. Estimates of the prevalence and scope of these crimes will be discussed. The course will also explore how providers may recognize indicators of human trafficking in healthcare settings and provide trauma-informed intervention. Resources available to assist providers and those impacted by human trafficking will also be examined.

Professional Development Resources is a nonprofit educational corporation 501(c)(3) organized in 1992. We are approved to sponsor continuing education by the American Psychological Association (APA); the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC); the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB); the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA); the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA); the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR); the Alabama State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Florida Boards of Social Work, Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy, Psychology & School Psychology, Dietetics & Nutrition, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, and Occupational Therapy Practice; the Georgia State Board of Occupational Therapy; the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors (#MHC-0135); the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker & MFT Board and Board of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology; the South Carolina Board of Professional Counselors & MFTs; the Texas Board of Examiners of Marriage & Family Therapists and State Board of Social Worker Examiners; and are CE Broker compliant (all courses are reported within a few days of completion).

PDR offers over 150 accredited online CE courses for healthcare professionals. 

Target AudiencePsychologistsSchool PsychologistsCounselorsSocial WorkersMarriage & Family Therapists (MFTs)Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs)Occupational Therapists (OTs)Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs), and Teachers

Enjoy 20% off all online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses @pdresources.orgClick here for details.

Earn CE Wherever YOU Love to Be!

Closeout Courses: 50% Off To-Be-Retired Online CE

We are preparing to launch our new website in the coming months and are retiring a host of oldie-but-goodie online continuing education (CE) courses. Some of these closeout courses are being updated and will be reintroduced on our new website (which will finally be mobile friendly! :). Others will permanently retire with our current website. But you’ll still have 3 years from purchase date to complete (except for SLPs, who have until the ASHA expiration date).

You can now save 50% on these courses in our Closeout Sale:

Closeout Courses for Psychologists
Closeout Courses for Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs)
Closeout Courses for Counselors and MFTs
Closeout Courses for Occupational Therapists (OTs)
Closeout Courses for Social Workers
Closeout Courses for School Psychologists
Closeout Courses for Teachers

Click here to view ALL Closeout courses.


Professional Development Resources is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Professional Development Resources maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Professional Development Resources is also approved by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC ACEP #5590); the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB Provider #1046, ACE Program); the Continuing Education Board of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA Provider #AAUM); the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA Provider #3159); the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR CPEU Prior Approval Program); the Alabama State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Arizona Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners; the Florida Boards of Social Work, Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy, Psychology and Office of School Psychology, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Dietetics and Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy Practice; the Georgia State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners – Occupational Therapy; the Mississippi MSDoH Bureau of Professional Licensure – Occupational Therapy; the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Psychology as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed psychologists (#PSY-0145), State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors (#MHC-0135) and marriage and family therapists (#MFT-0100), and the State Board for Social Workers an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers (#SW-0664); the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker and MFT Board (#RCST100501) and Speech and Hearing Professionals Board; the South Carolina Board of Examiners for Licensure of Professional Counselors and Therapists (#193), Examiners in Psychology, Social Worker Examiners, Occupational Therapy, and Examiners in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology; the Tennessee Board of Occupational Therapy; the Texas Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists (#114) and State Board of Social Worker Examiners (#5678); the West Virginia Board of Social Work; the Wyoming Board of Psychology; and is CE Broker compliant  (#50-1635 – all courses are reported within a few days of completion).

Enjoy 20% off all online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses @pdresources.orgClick here for details.

Earn CE Wherever YOU Love to Be!

Prescription Drugs Abuse & Misuse – New CE

Prescription Drugs Abuse & Misuse is a new 3-hour online continuing education (CE) course that examines the misuse of prescription drugs (including opioids) in the United States.

Prescription Drugs Abuse & Misuse is a new 3-hour online CE course that examines the misuse of prescription drugs in the US.

Misuse of prescription drugs means “taking a medication in a manner or dose other than prescribed; taking someone else’s prescription, even if for a legitimate medical complaint such as pain; or taking a medication to feel euphoria” and is a serious public health problem in the United States.

When taken as prescribed, medication can be of great benefit to a patient, helping reduce pain, save lives, and improve one’s overall quality of life. However, when individuals misuse their prescribed medications or take medications not prescribed to them, the consequences can be disastrous. Illicit drug use, including the misuse of prescription medications, affects the health and well-being of millions of Americans. Among other deleterious effects, cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis, and lung disease can all be affected by drug use. The important thing to remember is that the medications are not inherently bad in and of themselves – it is how people use (and abuse) them that creates a problem.

This course will discuss what drives people to abuse prescription drugs and how they obtain them; diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder; history and progression of prescription drug abuse, including types and classes of drugs used; and the cost of prescription drug abuse on addicts and non-addicts alike. The course will then review the sequence of treating individuals who have a prescription drug use disorder, including screening, assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and maintenance. Screening tools, assessment instruments, treatment programs, and evidence-based recommendations are included. Comorbidity between substance use disorder and mental disorders is also discussed. Course 31-49 | 2023 | 60 pages | 20 posttest questions

Click here to learn more about Prescription Drugs Abuse & Misuse


Professional Development Resources is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Professional Development Resources maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Professional Development Resources is also approved by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC ACEP #5590); the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB Provider #1046, ACE Program); the Continuing Education Board of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA Provider #AAUM); the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA Provider #3159); the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR Provider #PR001); the Alabama State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Arizona Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners; the Florida Boards of Social Work, Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy, Psychology and Office of School Psychology, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Dietetics and Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy Practice; the Georgia State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners – Occupational Therapy; the Mississippi MSDoH Bureau of Professional Licensure – Occupational Therapy; the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Psychology as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed psychologists (#PSY-0145), State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors (#MHC-0135) and marriage and family therapists (#MFT-0100), and the State Board for Social Workers an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers (#SW-0664); the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker and MFT Board (#RCST100501) and Speech and Hearing Professionals Board; the South Carolina Board of Examiners for Licensure of Professional Counselors and Therapists (#193), Examiners in Psychology, Social Worker Examiners, Occupational Therapy, and Examiners in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology; the Tennessee Board of Occupational Therapy; the Texas Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists (#114) and State Board of Social Worker Examiners (#5678); the West Virginia Board of Social Work; the Wyoming Board of Psychology; and is CE Broker compliant  (#50-1635 – all courses are reported within a few days of completion).

Enjoy 20% off all online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses @pdresources.orgClick here for details.

Earn CE Wherever YOU Love to Be!

HIV/AIDS – New Online CE Course

HIV/AIDS: Therapy & Adherence is a new 3-hour online continuing education (CE/CEU) course that reviews treatment and adherence issues in populations at high risk for HIV infection.

HIV/AIDS is a new 3-hour online CE course that reviews treatment and adherence issues in populations at high risk for HIV infection.

People who live with HIV can live almost normal lifespans and have little risk of transmitting the disease if they use antiretroviral therapy appropriately under medical care. However, only 57% of people infected with HIV follow their antiretroviral regimen well enough to achieve viral suppression.

In this course we review the HIV Care Continuum and antiretroviral therapy treatment. We then focus on specific groups of people (i.e., adolescents, illicit drug users, pregnant women) who can be infected with HIV, so that we may discuss common difficulties in adhering to treatment. We will also consider issues associated with transitioning patient care to multidisciplinary practices or community care.

The laws and legal issues that can hinder or support adherence to therapy are reviewed and discussed before examining evidence-based strategies for supporting patient adherence to medical treatment. Course #31-48 | 2023 | 54 pages | 21 posttest questions

Click here to learn more about HIV/AIDS: Therapy & Adherence

About the Author:

Laura More, MSW, LCSW, has been a licensed clinical social worker for over 40 years and has worked in a variety of practice settings, including: rehabilitation, oncology, trauma, skilled nursing, education, and management. She founded Care2Learn, an online continuing education resource for post-acute healthcare professionals. She has co-authored psychology and nursing books as well as authoring hundreds of online courses. Laura is currently a healthcare author/editor of online continuing education courses, specializing in evidence-based research review. She is the recipient of the 2010 Education Award from the American College of Health Care Administrators.


Professional Development Resources is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Professional Development Resources maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Professional Development Resources is also approved by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC ACEP #5590); the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB Provider #1046, ACE Program); the Continuing Education Board of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA Provider #AAUM); the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA Provider #3159); the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR Provider #PR001); the Alabama State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Arizona Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners; the Florida Boards of Social Work, Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy, Psychology and Office of School Psychology, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Dietetics and Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy Practice; the Georgia State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners – Occupational Therapy; the Mississippi MSDoH Bureau of Professional Licensure – Occupational Therapy; the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Psychology as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed psychologists (#PSY-0145), State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors (#MHC-0135) and marriage and family therapists (#MFT-0100), and the State Board for Social Workers an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers (#SW-0664); the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker and MFT Board (#RCST100501) and Speech and Hearing Professionals Board; the South Carolina Board of Examiners for Licensure of Professional Counselors and Therapists (#193), Examiners in Psychology, Social Worker Examiners, Occupational Therapy, and Examiners in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology; the Tennessee Board of Occupational Therapy; the Texas Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists (#114) and State Board of Social Worker Examiners (#5678); the West Virginia Board of Social Work; the Wyoming Board of Psychology; and is CE Broker compliant  (#50-1635 – all courses are reported within a few days of completion).

Enjoy 20% off all online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses @pdresources.orgClick here for details.

Earn CE Wherever YOU Love to Be!

Healing the Healer – New Online CE Course

Healing the Healer is a new 1-hour online continuing education (CE) course that discusses what a wounded healer is and provides strategies for cultivating emotional well-being.

Healing the Healer is a new 1-hour online continuing education (CE) course that discusses what a wounded healer is and provides strategies for cultivating emotional well-being.

The goal of this course is to cultivate emotional well-being for anyone who has been on the front lines supporting others. We will examine the four pillars of well-being based on decades of research, and experiment with self-care/compassion strategies to build resilience.

Next, we will learn evidence-based creative self-care strategies proven effective in healing the healer, aligning with the four pillars of well-being. These strategies will be presented to you through description, application, and sharing examples illustrating how each technique may be applied to your own life or to those you work with and support. Links to guided exercises are included whenever possible to provide further enrichment opportunities to explore these self-care techniques. Finally, an ending prompts you to create your own realistic personalized self-care plan. Course #11-49 | 2023 | 23 pages | 10 posttest questions

Click here to learn more about Healing the Healer

About the Author:

Catherine Tyink, BSW, MS, NBCT, is a counselor, grief support specialist, National Board-Certified School Counselor, and writer. Catherine serves as a hospice social worker and is the co-author of Grief Reimagined: 50 Creative Strategies to Build Resilience.


Professional Development Resources is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Professional Development Resources maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Professional Development Resources is also approved by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC ACEP #5590); the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB Provider #1046, ACE Program); the Continuing Education Board of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA Provider #AAUM); the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA Provider #3159); the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR Provider #PR001); the Alabama State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Arizona Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners; the Florida Boards of Social Work, Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy, Psychology and Office of School Psychology, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Dietetics and Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy Practice; the Georgia State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners – Occupational Therapy; the Mississippi MSDoH Bureau of Professional Licensure – Occupational Therapy; the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Psychology as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed psychologists (#PSY-0145), State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors (#MHC-0135) and marriage and family therapists (#MFT-0100), and the State Board for Social Workers an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers (#SW-0664); the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker and MFT Board (#RCST100501) and Speech and Hearing Professionals Board; the South Carolina Board of Examiners for Licensure of Professional Counselors and Therapists (#193), Examiners in Psychology, Social Worker Examiners, Occupational Therapy, and Examiners in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology; the Tennessee Board of Occupational Therapy; the Texas Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists (#114) and State Board of Social Worker Examiners (#5678); the West Virginia Board of Social Work; the Wyoming Board of Psychology; and is CE Broker compliant  (#50-1635 – all courses are reported within a few days of completion).

Enjoy 20% off all online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses @pdresources.orgClick here for details.

Earn CE Wherever YOU Love to Be!

HIV/AIDS CE – New 1-Hour Online Course

HIV/AIDS CE: Adherence Issues is a 1-hour online continuing education (CE) course that discusses adherence issues in populations at high risk for HIV infection.

HIV/AIDS CE is a new 1-hour online continuing education course that discusses adherence issues in populations at high risk for HIV infection.

HIV and AIDS are medical terms that are linked together due to the progressive nature of HIV. When untreated or undertreated, HIV will become AIDS. The virus can affect people of all ages – children who are born to mothers who have HIV, adolescents, adults, and elders. People who are diagnosed with HIV can live almost normal lifespans and have little risk of transmitting the disease if they use antiretroviral therapy appropriately under medical care. However, only 57% of people infected with HIV follow their antiretroviral regimen well enough to achieve viral suppression.

In this course we review the HIV Care Continuum and antiretroviral therapy treatment. We then focus on specific groups of people (i.e., adolescents, illicit drug users, pregnant women) who are infected with HIV, so that we may discuss common difficulties in adhering to treatment. We will also consider issues associated with transitioning patient care to multidisciplinary practices or community care. HIV/AIDS CE provides evidence-based strategies for supporting patient adherence to medical treatment are provided at the end of each section.

The course finishes with a reminder of the laws passed to combat the stigma of HIV/AIDS to ensure people with HIV/AIDS receive equal medical treatment. Course # 11-51 | 2023 | 24 pages | 10 posttest questions

Click here to learn more about HIV/AIDS CE


Professional Development Resources is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Professional Development Resources maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Professional Development Resources is also approved by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC ACEP #5590); the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB Provider #1046, ACE Program); the Continuing Education Board of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA Provider #AAUM); the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA Provider #3159); the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR Provider #PR001); the Alabama State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Arizona Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners; the Florida Boards of Social Work, Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy, Psychology and Office of School Psychology, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Dietetics and Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy Practice; the Georgia State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners – Occupational Therapy; the Mississippi MSDoH Bureau of Professional Licensure – Occupational Therapy; the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Psychology as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed psychologists (#PSY-0145), State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors (#MHC-0135) and marriage and family therapists (#MFT-0100), and the State Board for Social Workers an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers (#SW-0664); the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker and MFT Board (#RCST100501) and Speech and Hearing Professionals Board; the South Carolina Board of Examiners for Licensure of Professional Counselors and Therapists (#193), Examiners in Psychology, Social Worker Examiners, Occupational Therapy, and Examiners in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology; the Tennessee Board of Occupational Therapy; the Texas Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists (#114) and State Board of Social Worker Examiners (#5678); the West Virginia Board of Social Work; the Wyoming Board of Psychology; and is CE Broker compliant  (#50-1635 – all courses are reported within a few days of completion).

Enjoy 20% off all online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses @pdresources.orgClick here for details.

Earn CE Wherever YOU Love to Be!

Dyslexia – New Online CE Course

Supporting Children with Dyslexia is a new 6-hour online (text-based) continuing education (CE) course that discusses the signs, types, and causes of dyslexia, offering practical strategies for supporting children with literacy skills.

Supporting Children with Dyslexia is a new 6-hour online CE course that offers practical strategies for supporting children with literacy skills.

Most experts agree that dyslexia is characterized by, “marked difficulties with word reading, decoding, and spelling as evidenced by low accuracy and/or fluency on standardized assessments. There is also a general agreement that these difficulties should be inconsistent with or “unexpected” in consideration of other aspects of development, including general intellectual abilities.” There is now abundant evidence indicating that dyslexia is a localized weakness within a specific component of the language system: the phonologic module. However, dyslexia does not only affect reading, but that which is connected to reading: both spelling and writing. Furthermore, and of significant importance, it is not connected to intelligence.

We begin the course by briefly reviewing the history of dyslexia. We then discuss the signs, types, and causes of dyslexia, highlighting the importance of working memory and executive functioning skills.

We consider phonological awareness, including phonemic awareness, as the foundation for all literacy skills. Reading, spelling, and writing are discussed in separate sections, enabling the reader to focus on the necessary skills and remediation strategies for each. It is important to note that there is overlap of skills needed to read, spell, and write and therefore, information on phonics and other phonological awareness skills may be echoed throughout the course.

Practical accommodations, teaching strategies, and activities for supporting children’s academic and social emotional development are provided. A short review of assistive technological aids is also included.

Finally, we explore strategies for supporting parents and caregivers as role models and advocates for their children. Course #61-05 | 2022 | 117 pages | 35 test questions

Click here to learn more about Supporting Children with Dyslexia

Supporting Children with Dyslexia is an online course that provides instant access to the course materials (PDF download) and CE test. The course is text-based (reading) and the CE test is open-book (you can print the test to mark your answers on it while reading the course document).

Successful completion of this course involves passing an online test (80% required, 3 chances to take) and we ask that you also complete a brief course evaluation. Click here to learn more.


Professional Development Resources is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Professional Development Resources maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Professional Development Resources is also approved by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC ACEP #5590); the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB Provider #1046, ACE Program); the Continuing Education Board of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA Provider #AAUM); the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA Provider #3159); the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR Provider #PR001); the Alabama State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Arizona Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners; the Florida Boards of Social Work, Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy, Psychology and Office of School Psychology, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Dietetics and Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy Practice; the Georgia State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners – Occupational Therapy; the Mississippi MSDoH Bureau of Professional Licensure – Occupational Therapy; the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Psychology as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed psychologists (#PSY-0145), State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors (#MHC-0135) and marriage and family therapists (#MFT-0100), and the State Board for Social Workers an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers (#SW-0664); the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker and MFT Board (#RCST100501) and Speech and Hearing Professionals Board; the South Carolina Board of Examiners for Licensure of Professional Counselors and Therapists (#193), Examiners in Psychology, Social Worker Examiners, Occupational Therapy, and Examiners in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology; the Tennessee Board of Occupational Therapy; the Texas Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists (#114) and State Board of Social Worker Examiners (#5678); the West Virginia Board of Social Work; the Wyoming Board of Psychology; and is CE Broker compliant  (#50-1635 – all courses are reported within a few days of completion).

Enjoy 20% off all online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses @pdresources.orgClick here for details.

Earn CE Wherever YOU Love to Be!

30% Off Online CE to Celebrate 30 Years!

After 30 years of providing CE, we at PDR are so excited to celebrate our Pearl Anniversary with you – because we know we couldn’t have made it here without you. With thanks, please enjoy 30% OFF all of our online CE courses:

Enjoy 30% off ALL online CE courses in our 30-year anniversary sale! Use promo code "30Years" at checkout to redeem. Sale ends August 31, 2022.

Click Here to Save 30% on CE!

Your 30% discount should automatically apply at checkout, but if for any reason it doesn’t – just enter promo code 30Years and click update to add. Offer valid on future orders only. Sale ends Wednesday, August 31, 2022.

Professional Development Resources, Inc. is a Florida nonprofit educational corporation 501(c)(3) organized in 1992. We provide online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses for Psychologists and School Psychologists, Counselors, Social Workers, Marriage & Family Therapists (MFTs), Occupational Therapists (OTs), Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs), Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs), and Teachers.


Professional Development Resources is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Professional Development Resources maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Professional Development Resources is also approved by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC ACEP #5590); the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB Provider #1046, ACE Program); the Continuing Education Board of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA Provider #AAUM); the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA Provider #3159); the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR Provider #PR001); the Alabama State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Arizona Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners; the Florida Boards of Social Work, Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy, Psychology and Office of School Psychology, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Dietetics and Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy Practice; the Georgia State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners – Occupational Therapy; the Mississippi MSDoH Bureau of Professional Licensure – Occupational Therapy; the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Psychology as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed psychologists (#PSY-0145), State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors (#MHC-0135) and marriage and family therapists (#MFT-0100), and the State Board for Social Workers an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers (#SW-0664); the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker and MFT Board (#RCST100501) and Speech and Hearing Professionals Board; the South Carolina Board of Examiners for Licensure of Professional Counselors and Therapists (#193), Examiners in Psychology, Social Worker Examiners, Occupational Therapy, and Examiners in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology; the Tennessee Board of Occupational Therapy; the Texas Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists (#114) and State Board of Social Worker Examiners (#5678); the West Virginia Board of Social Work; the Wyoming Board of Psychology; and is CE Broker compliant  (#50-1635 – all courses are reported within a few days of completion).

Enjoy 20% off all online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses @pdresources.orgClick here for details.

Earn CE Wherever YOU Love to Be!

Suspected Child Maltreatment – New Video CE

Reporting Suspected Child Maltreatment: Legal and Ethical Issues is a new 2-hour video continuing education (CE) course that outlines the legal requirements for reporting suspected child neglect and abuse.

Reporting Suspected Child Maltreatment is a new 2-hour video CE course that outlines the legal requirements for reporting suspected child neglect and abuse.

Many professionals throughout the United States are mandated reporters of suspected child maltreatment. However, the legal requirement to report is often confusing to navigate in relation to other professional and ethical responsibilities. This workshop provides profession-based context to the role of mandated reporter.

The course opens with a brief history of mandated reporting and the changes to mandated reporting laws over time. We then discuss who is considered a “mandated reporter,” when a report to Child Protective Services (CPS) is necessary, and the concerns regarding under and over reporting.

A detailed discussion highlights the risk factors and indicators of maltreatment and provides specific definitions and examples of the four types of maltreatment (neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional abuse).

Mandated reporters explore a framework that can guide their decision in making the “tough call” of whether to file a report to CPS or not, using research findings and practical advice based on real case examples. Course #21-56 | 2022 | 2-hour video & handout | 20 posttest questions

Click here to learn more about Reporting Suspected Child Maltreatment

Reporting Suspected Child Maltreatment is an online course that provides instant access to the course materials (PDF download) and CE test. The course is text-based (reading) and the CE test is open-book (you can print the test to mark your answers on it while reading the course document).

Successful completion of this course involves passing an online test (80% required, 3 chances to take) and we ask that you also complete a brief course evaluation. Click here to learn more.

About the Author:

Kathryn Krase, PhD, JD, MSW, is the principal consultant and owner of Krase Consulting, a multi-disciplinary consulting firm with experience in child welfare systems, higher education, non-profit management, and youth sports coaching. Dr. Krase is an expert on the professional reporting of suspected child maltreatment and has authored multiple books and articles on the subject. She has years of experience consulting with government and community-based organizations to develop policy & practice standards. As part of her extensive work to educate and support healthcare professionals to intervene and protect children, when necessary, while respecting and supporting family integrity whenever possible, Dr. Krase offers training, resources, blogs, podcasts, and consultations through her website, Making the Tough Call.


Professional Development Resources is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Professional Development Resources maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Professional Development Resources is also approved by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC ACEP #5590); the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB Provider #1046, ACE Program); the Continuing Education Board of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA Provider #AAUM); the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA Provider #3159); the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR Provider #PR001); the Alabama State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Arizona Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners; the Florida Boards of Social Work, Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy, Psychology and Office of School Psychology, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Dietetics and Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy Practice; the Georgia State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners – Occupational Therapy; the Mississippi MSDoH Bureau of Professional Licensure – Occupational Therapy; the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Psychology as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed psychologists (#PSY-0145), State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors (#MHC-0135) and marriage and family therapists (#MFT-0100), and the State Board for Social Workers an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers (#SW-0664); the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker and MFT Board (#RCST100501) and Speech and Hearing Professionals Board; the South Carolina Board of Examiners for Licensure of Professional Counselors and Therapists (#193), Examiners in Psychology, Social Worker Examiners, Occupational Therapy, and Examiners in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology; the Tennessee Board of Occupational Therapy; the Texas Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists (#114) and State Board of Social Worker Examiners (#5678); the West Virginia Board of Social Work; the Wyoming Board of Psychology; and is CE Broker compliant  (#50-1635 – all courses are reported within a few days of completion).

Enjoy 20% off all online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses @pdresources.orgClick here for details.

Earn CE Wherever YOU Love to Be!

Suicide Prevention CE – New Online Course

Suicide Prevention: Evidence-Based Strategies is a new 3-hour online continuing education (CE) course that reviews evidence-based research and offers strategies for screening, assessment, treatment, and prevention of suicide in both adolescents and adults.

Suicide Prevention CE - new 3-hour online course that offers strategies for screening, assessment, treatment, and prevention in both adolescents and adults.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes, “Suicide is a serious but preventable public health problem that can have lasting harmful effects on individuals, families, and communities.” The CDC recommends a public health approach, with prevention efforts emanating from individuals, families, and communities who make changes to affect the social environment. Healthcare professionals and teachers can contribute to prevention efforts through awareness, promotion of resilience, and a commitment to social change.

Any approach to a mental health issue should be made using an evidence-based approach. The Evidence-Based Behavioral Practice Project (EBBP), funded by the Office of Behavioral & Social Sciences Research, recommends that professionals in the health and social sciences acquire and use a “shared vocabulary and conceptual grounding” to help share ideas and skills based on research and proven efficacy.

Prevention is key: reducing risk factors and promoting resilience. This course will provide a review of evidence-based studies so that healthcare professionals are informed on this complex subject. Information from the suicide prevention technical package from the CDC will be provided. Included also are strategies for screening and assessment, prevention considerations, methods of treatment, and resources for choosing evidence-based suicide prevention programs. Course #31-42 | 2022 | 67 pages | 20 posttest questions

Click here to learn more about Suicide Prevention CE

Suicide Prevention CE is an online course that provides instant access to the course materials (PDF download) and CE test. The course is text-based (reading) and the CE test is open-book (you can print the test to mark your answers on it while reading the course document).

Successful completion of this course involves passing an online test (80% required, 3 chances to take) and we ask that you also complete a brief course evaluation. Click here to learn more.


Professional Development Resources is approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Professional Development Resources maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Professional Development Resources is also approved by the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC ACEP #5590); the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB Provider #1046, ACE Program); the Continuing Education Board of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA Provider #AAUM); the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA Provider #3159); the Commission on Dietetic Registration (CDR Provider #PR001); the Alabama State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Arizona Board of Occupational Therapy Examiners; the Florida Boards of Social Work, Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy, Psychology and Office of School Psychology, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Dietetics and Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy Practice; the Georgia State Board of Occupational Therapy; the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners – Occupational Therapy; the Mississippi MSDoH Bureau of Professional Licensure – Occupational Therapy; the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Psychology as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed psychologists (#PSY-0145), State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors (#MHC-0135) and marriage and family therapists (#MFT-0100), and the State Board for Social Workers an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers (#SW-0664); the Ohio Counselor, Social Worker and MFT Board (#RCST100501) and Speech and Hearing Professionals Board; the South Carolina Board of Examiners for Licensure of Professional Counselors and Therapists (#193), Examiners in Psychology, Social Worker Examiners, Occupational Therapy, and Examiners in Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology; the Tennessee Board of Occupational Therapy; the Texas Board of Examiners of Marriage and Family Therapists (#114) and State Board of Social Worker Examiners (#5678); the West Virginia Board of Social Work; the Wyoming Board of Psychology; and is CE Broker compliant  (#50-1635 – all courses are reported within a few days of completion).

Enjoy 20% off all online continuing education (CE/CEU) courses @pdresources.orgClick here for details.

Earn CE Wherever YOU Love to Be!